Ecosystem Services and Driving Factors

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 Ecosystem Services and Driving Factors 

Ecosystem services are the direct and indirect benefits that humans obtain from natural ecosystems, supporting survival, well-being, and economic development. These services are commonly grouped into provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. Provisioning services include food, freshwater, timber, and medicinal resources. Regulating services involve climate regulation, water purification, flood control, and disease regulation. Cultural services provide non-material benefits such as recreation, aesthetic value, spiritual significance, and educational opportunities. Supporting services, such as soil formation, nutrient cycling, and primary production, underpin all other ecosystem services.

The delivery and sustainability of ecosystem services are strongly influenced by driving factors, which are natural or human-induced forces that cause changes in ecosystems. Natural drivers include climate variability, geological processes, natural disturbances, and species interactions. Anthropogenic drivers—such as land-use and land-cover change, urbanization, agricultural intensification, industrial activities, pollution, resource extraction, and climate change—often exert the most significant pressure on ecosystem structure and function.

Socio-economic factors, including population growth, economic development, technological advancement, governance, and policy frameworks, further shape how ecosystems are used and managed. Interactions among these drivers can lead to ecosystem degradation, loss of biodiversity, and reduced service provision, or, conversely, to ecosystem restoration and enhanced resilience when managed sustainably. Understanding the linkages between ecosystem services and their driving factors is essential for informed decision-making, environmental planning, and the development of effective conservation and sustainability strategies.


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