Monday 24 July 2023

Sensor Technology for Autonomous Vehicles

Sensor technology is a critical component of autonomous vehicles, enabling them to perceive and understand their environment. These sensors collect data from the vehicle's surroundings and provide crucial information to the vehicle's control systems, allowing it to make real-time decisions and navigate safely. The main types of sensors used in autonomous vehicles include:





LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): LiDAR sensors use laser pulses to measure distances to objects and create a high-resolution 3D map of the environment. They provide accurate depth information, making them essential for detecting obstacles and identifying the precise shape and location of objects around the vehicle.

Cameras: Cameras capture visual information similar to how human eyes perceive the world. They are used for object detection, lane detection, traffic sign recognition, and various other computer vision tasks. Cameras are essential for interpreting road signs, traffic lights, pedestrians, and other vehicles.

Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging): Radar sensors use radio waves to detect objects and measure their speed and distance. They are particularly useful in adverse weather conditions where LiDAR and cameras might face limitations due to reduced visibility. Radar is also effective for long-range detection.

Ultrasonic Sensors: Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves to detect nearby objects. They are often used for parking assistance and close-range object detection.

GPS (Global Positioning System): GPS technology provides accurate location information to the autonomous vehicle. While it's not the primary sensor for obstacle detection, GPS is vital for precise positioning and navigation.

IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit): IMU sensors combine accelerometers and gyroscopes to measure the vehicle's acceleration, orientation, and rotation rates. They help in determining the vehicle's movement and posture, aiding in control and localization.

Infrared Sensors: Infrared sensors can detect heat signatures and are sometimes used to identify pedestrians and animals in low-light conditions.

Data Fusion: Autonomous vehicles often employ a technique called data fusion, where information from multiple sensors is combined to create a more comprehensive and reliable perception of the environment. This fusion process enhances the vehicle's ability to make accurate decisions and navigate safely.

It's important to note that sensor technology for autonomous vehicles is continuously evolving. Advancements in sensor resolution, range, cost reduction, and data processing capabilities contribute to improving the overall performance and safety of autonomous vehicles. However, challenges like adverse weather conditions, sensor calibration, and processing massive amounts of data in real-time remain areas of active research and development.


7th Edition of International Conference on Sensing Technology | 27-28 July 2023 | Delhi, India


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Sunday 23 July 2023

Sensor-Based Human Activity Recognition

Sensor-based human activity recognition (HAR) is a field of research and technology that involves using various sensors to automatically identify and classify human activities. The goal is to develop systems that can understand and interpret human actions and behaviors in real-time or from recorded data. HAR has applications in areas such as healthcare, fitness tracking, smart homes, robotics, and more.




The typical process of sensor-based human activity recognition involves the following steps:

Sensor data collection: Various sensors are used to collect data about the subject's movements or actions. Commonly used sensors include accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and sometimes even cameras.

Data preprocessing: The raw sensor data may contain noise, artifacts, or inconsistencies that need to be processed and cleaned before analysis. Preprocessing techniques may include noise filtering, normalization, feature extraction, etc.

Feature extraction: Relevant features are extracted from the preprocessed data to represent the essential characteristics of the activities. These features could be time-domain features, frequency-domain features, statistical measures, or other domain-specific representations.

Activity classification: Machine learning algorithms are used to train models on the labeled data (data where activities are known) to recognize and classify activities. Popular machine learning techniques for HAR include decision trees, support vector machines (SVM), random forests, k-nearest neighbors, and deep learning-based approaches like recurrent neural networks (RNNs) or convolutional neural networks (CNNs).

Model evaluation: The performance of the activity recognition model is evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, etc., on a separate test dataset to assess its effectiveness.

Real-time recognition: Once the model is trained and evaluated, it can be used in real-time to recognize and predict activities as new sensor data is fed into the system.

Challenges in sensor-based human activity recognition include dealing with variations in individual movements, handling complex activities that may involve multiple actions or transitions, and achieving robustness in different environmental conditions.

Sensor-based HAR finds practical applications in various domains, including: 

Healthcare: Monitoring patient activities to detect anomalies or provide personalized health recommendations.

Sports and fitness: Tracking and analyzing physical activities to provide feedback to athletes and fitness enthusiasts.

Smart homes: Automating home systems based on residents' activities to enhance energy efficiency and security.

Assisted living: Supporting elderly or disabled individuals by monitoring their activities and providing timely assistance if needed.

Robotics: Enabling robots to understand and interact with humans more effectively by recognizing their actions and intentions.

As technology advances and sensor capabilities improve, sensor-based human activity recognition is expected to play an increasingly important role in various aspects of our daily lives.


7th Edition of International Conference on Sensing Technology | 27-28 July 2023 | Delhi, India


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Tuesday 18 July 2023

Sensor-Enabled Structural Health Monitoring

Sensor-Enabled Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a technology used to assess the condition and performance of structures such as buildings, bridges, dams, and infrastructure systems over time. It involves the deployment of various sensors to continuously collect data on the structural behavior, environmental conditions, and potential damages or deterioration.

 
                               

The primary goal of Structural Health Monitoring is to provide real-time or near real-time information about the structural integrity and performance of a system. By continuously monitoring a structure's behavior, engineers and asset managers can identify and address potential issues early on, reducing the risk of failure, minimizing maintenance costs, and improving overall safety.

Key components and features of a Sensor-Enabled Structural Health Monitoring system include:

Sensors: Various types of sensors are deployed on the structure to measure different parameters. Commonly used sensors include accelerometers, strain gauges, temperature sensors, displacement transducers, pressure sensors, and acoustic emission sensors.

Data Acquisition System (DAQ): This system gathers data from the sensors installed on the structure. It is responsible for converting analog signals from the sensors into digital data for further processing and analysis.

Data Transmission: In many cases, SHM systems transmit data wirelessly to a central server or monitoring station, allowing remote access to real-time information. This feature is especially useful for large or hard-to-reach structures.

Data Processing and Analysis: Collected data is processed and analyzed to assess the structural health and detect any anomalies or potential damage. Advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques can be used to interpret the data and identify patterns indicative of structural issues.

Health Assessment and Prognosis: Based on the analysis results, the SHM system can provide a health assessment of the structure, indicating its current condition and potential remaining useful life. This information assists in decision-making regarding maintenance, repairs, or structural upgrades.

Alarms and Alerts: SHM systems can be designed to issue alerts or alarms when predefined thresholds or anomalies are detected. This ensures that potential issues are addressed promptly, preventing further damage or risks.


Integration with Structural Models: In some cases, SHM data is integrated with structural models to validate the model's accuracy, calibrate it, or update its parameters based on real-world behavior.

Long-Term Monitoring: SHM is particularly valuable for long-term monitoring, where changes in the structure's behavior can be tracked over extended periods to assess its aging and deterioration trends.

Cost-Effectiveness: Implementing SHM can result in cost savings by optimizing maintenance schedules, extending the lifespan of structures, and avoiding costly unplanned repairs.

Overall, Sensor-Enabled Structural Health Monitoring has become a crucial tool for ensuring the safety, reliability, and longevity of critical infrastructure and civil engineering projects. As technology continues to advance, SHM systems are likely to become even more sophisticated, providing better insights and analytics for maintaining the world's infrastructure.


7th Edition of International Conference on Sensing Technology | 27-28 July 2023 | Delhi, India


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Monday 17 July 2023

Sensor Technology for Air Quality Monitoring

Air quality monitoring is crucial for assessing and understanding the quality of the air we breathe. Sensor technology plays a pivotal role in this field, as it enables real-time and continuous monitoring of various pollutants and gases. Different types of sensors are used to measure different air quality parameters. Here are some key sensor technologies commonly used in air quality monitoring:                 

                                                

 

Particulate Matter (PM) Sensors: Particulate matter sensors measure the concentration of tiny particles suspended in the air. These particles can be of various sizes, and PM sensors are often classified as PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10, representing particles with diameters less than 1.0 micrometer, 2.5 micrometers, and 10 micrometers, respectively. These sensors are essential for assessing the level of harmful fine particulate matter in the atmosphere.

Gas Sensors: Gas sensors detect the concentration of specific gases in the air. Common gases of interest in air quality monitoring include:

a. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Sensor: Measures the concentration of nitrogen dioxide, which is primarily produced from combustion processes and is a major air pollutant.
b. Ozone (O3) Sensor: Measures the concentration of ozone, a gas that can be both beneficial in the stratosphere and harmful at ground level.
c. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Sensor: Measures the concentration of carbon monoxide, a colorless and odorless gas produced from incomplete combustion processes.
d. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Sensor: Measures the concentration of sulfur dioxide, which is released during fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes.
e. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Sensor: Measures the concentration of various organic compounds emitted from sources like industrial processes, vehicle emissions, and solvents.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sensors: CO2 sensors monitor the concentration of carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. These sensors find applications in indoor air quality monitoring and ventilation control.

Meteorological Sensors: These sensors measure weather-related parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and direction. Meteorological data is often integrated with air quality data to better understand the dispersion and behavior of pollutants.

Laser-based Sensors: Laser-based technologies, such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL), are used for remote sensing of air quality over large areas, providing valuable insights into pollutant distribution and trends.

Optical Sensors: Optical sensors, such as UV (Ultraviolet) photometers, can be used to measure specific gases like ozone and aerosols.

Electrochemical Sensors: Electrochemical sensors are commonly used for gases like NO2, SO2, CO, and VOCs. They work by measuring the current produced during a chemical reaction between the target gas and the sensing electrode.

Gravimetric Sensors: Gravimetric sensors weigh particles collected on a filter to determine the concentration of particulate matter.

Advancements in sensor technology have led to the development of smaller, more accurate, and cost-effective sensors, making air quality monitoring accessible to a wider range of applications, from personal devices to large-scale monitoring networks. These sensors, when combined with data analysis and visualization tools, provide valuable information to policymakers, environmental agencies, and the general public to take appropriate actions for improving air quality and public health.

7th Edition of International Conference on Sensing Technology | 27-28 July 2023 | Delhi, India


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Friday 14 July 2023

Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture

Sensor networks play a crucial role in precision agriculture by providing real-time data about various environmental parameters that impact crop growth and livestock health. These networks consist of interconnected sensors deployed in fields or farms to collect data and transmit it wirelessly to a central system for analysis and decision-making. Here are some key aspects and applications of sensor networks in precision agriculture:               

                             


Sensor networks play a crucial role in precision agriculture by providing real-time data about various environmental parameters that impact crop growth and livestock health. These networks consist of interconnected sensors deployed in fields or farms to collect data and transmit it wirelessly to a central system for analysis and decision-making. Here are some key aspects and applications of sensor networks in precision agriculture:

Environmental Monitoring: Sensor networks enable continuous monitoring of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, soil moisture, and pH levels. This data helps farmers optimize irrigation, manage nutrient levels, and adjust planting schedules to enhance crop productivity and resource efficiency.

Crop Health Monitoring: Sensors can detect and monitor plant diseases, pests, and weed infestations. For instance, cameras or hyperspectral sensors can capture images of crops and identify areas affected by diseases or pests, allowing for targeted interventions and reduced pesticide usage.

Livestock Monitoring: Sensor networks are also used to monitor livestock health and behavior. For example, wearable sensors can track vital signs, activity levels, and feeding patterns of individual animals, enabling early detection of health issues and optimizing feeding strategies.

Yield Prediction and Harvesting: By collecting data on factors such as plant growth, fruit development, and grain moisture content, sensor networks contribute to accurate yield predictions. This information aids in optimizing harvesting schedules, managing storage capacity, and estimating market supply.

Weather Monitoring: Integrating weather sensors into the network provides real-time weather data specific to the farm's location. This information helps farmers make informed decisions about crop protection, irrigation, and other management practices based on current and predicted weather conditions.

Soil Monitoring: Sensors embedded in the soil measure parameters like nutrient levels, soil compaction, and salinity. This data guides farmers in implementing site-specific fertilization, adjusting pH levels, and maintaining optimal soil conditions for crop growth.

Decision Support Systems: Sensor networks generate vast amounts of data, which can be processed and analyzed using advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques. Decision support systems can provide farmers with actionable insights, alerts, and recommendations based on the collected data, facilitating informed decision-making and efficient resource allocation.

Benefits of Sensor Networks in Precision Agriculture:Increased crop yield and quality through optimized resource management.
Reduction in chemical inputs, water usage, and environmental impact.
Early detection and timely response to crop diseases, pests, and adverse weather conditions.
Improved livestock management and health monitoring.
Enhanced operational efficiency and cost savings.
Data-driven decision-making for better farm planning and risk management.

Overall, sensor networks in precision agriculture enable farmers to make data-driven decisions, enhance productivity, and promote sustainable farming practices by optimizing resource utilization and minimizing environmental impact.

7th Edition of International Conference on Sensing Technology | 27-28 July 2023 | Delhi, India


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Monday 10 July 2023

Flow Sensors

Flow sensors are devices used to measure the flow rate of liquids or gases in various applications. They provide information about the quantity, velocity, or volume of fluid passing through a system. Flow sensors are commonly employed in industrial, commercial, and residential settings for a wide range of purposes, including process control, environmental monitoring, and energy management.





There are different types of flow sensors available, and the selection depends on the specific requirements of the application. Here are a few commonly used flow sensor types:

Differential Pressure (DP) Flow Sensors: These sensors measure the pressure drop across an obstruction inserted into the flow path. The pressure drop is proportional to the flow rate, allowing for flow calculation. Orifice plates, venturi tubes, and flow nozzles are examples of DP flow sensors.

Electromagnetic Flow Sensors: Also known as magmeters, electromagnetic flow sensors use Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction to measure flow. They consist of a pipe with a pair of electrodes and a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the fluid flow. As the conductive fluid passes through the magnetic field, it generates a voltage proportional to the flow rate.

Ultrasonic Flow Sensors: Ultrasonic flow sensors use ultrasound waves to measure flow. They utilize the principle of transit-time or Doppler effect. Transit-time sensors measure the time it takes for ultrasound waves to travel between two or more transducers, which are typically placed opposite each other across the flow path. Doppler sensors measure the change in frequency of reflected ultrasound waves caused by fluid flow.

Vortex Flow Sensors: Vortex flow sensors detect the vortices formed by a fluid passing by a bluff body inserted into the flow stream. The frequency of the vortices is directly proportional to the flow rate. Vortex shedding flowmeters or vortex flowmeters use this principle to measure flow.

Thermal Flow Sensors: Thermal flow sensors measure flow by detecting the heat transfer from a heated element to the fluid. They typically consist of two temperature sensors—one heated and one unheated. By maintaining a constant temperature difference between the sensors, the flow rate can be determined based on the power required to maintain the temperature difference.

These are just a few examples of flow sensors available in the market. Each type has its advantages, limitations, and application suitability. The choice of flow sensor depends on factors such as the nature of the fluid, required accuracy, flow range, and environmental conditions.



7th Edition of International Conference on Sensing Technology | 27-28 July 2023 | Delhi, India


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Thursday 6 July 2023

Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture

Sensor networks play a crucial role in precision agriculture by providing real-time data on various environmental parameters and crop conditions. These networks consist of a collection of distributed sensors that are strategically placed in the agricultural field to monitor and gather data on factors such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, light intensity, nutrient levels, and pest infestations. This data is then analyzed and used to make informed decisions about irrigation, fertilization, pest control, and overall crop management.
                    
                          



Here are some key aspects of sensor networks in precision agriculture:

Sensor Types: Different types of sensors are used to monitor specific parameters. For example, soil moisture sensors measure the water content in the soil, while temperature and humidity sensors monitor the ambient conditions. Light sensors assess the intensity and duration of sunlight, and nutrient sensors measure the concentration of nutrients in the soil. Additionally, there are specialized sensors for detecting pests, diseases, and even for monitoring livestock.

Sensor Placement: Sensors are strategically placed throughout the field to ensure adequate coverage and accurate data collection. The placement depends on the specific requirements of the crops being grown and the factors being monitored. Sensors can be buried in the soil, mounted on poles or structures, or attached to plants or livestock.

Data Collection: Sensors continuously collect data at regular intervals or in response to specific triggers. The collected data is transmitted wirelessly or through wired connections to a central data collection point. In some cases, sensors may have limited storage capacity and periodically transmit the data, while in others, they transmit data in real-time.

Data Analysis: Once the data is collected, it is analyzed using various techniques such as statistical analysis, machine learning algorithms, and data visualization tools. Data analysis helps in identifying patterns, trends, and anomalies that can provide insights into the crop's health and optimize resource management.

Decision Support Systems: The analyzed data is used to make informed decisions regarding irrigation scheduling, fertilizer application, pesticide usage, and other aspects of crop management. Decision support systems (DSS) or agricultural management platforms assist farmers in interpreting the data and providing recommendations based on predefined rules or models.

Wireless Communication: Sensor networks rely on wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or LoRaWAN to transmit data from the sensors to the central data collection point. These communication protocols provide reliable and energy-efficient transmission over long distances.

Integration with Farming Equipment: Sensor networks can be integrated with farming equipment such as automated irrigation systems, drones, and robotic devices. This integration allows for automated and precise application of resources based on the real-time data received from the sensors, optimizing resource usage and increasing overall efficiency.

The use of sensor networks in precision agriculture enables farmers to monitor and manage their crops more effectively, resulting in improved yields, reduced resource wastage, and better environmental sustainability. It helps farmers make data-driven decisions, optimize resource allocation, and mitigate risks, ultimately leading to increased productivity and profitability in agriculture.


7th Edition of International Conference on Sensing Technology | 27-28 July 2023 | Delhi, India

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Tuesday 4 July 2023

Biosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnostics

Biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics are a rapidly growing field in healthcare. These devices combine biological components, such as enzymes or antibodies, with transducers to detect and quantify specific analytes in biological samples. They offer the potential for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of various biomarkers, enabling real-time monitoring and diagnosis of diseases at the point of care, outside of traditional laboratory settings.







Here are some key aspects of biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics:

Working Principle: Biosensors typically consist of three main components: a biological recognition element, a transducer, and a signal processing unit. The biological recognition element interacts with the target analyte, causing a measurable change. The transducer converts this biochemical or biophysical event into a detectable signal, such as electrical, optical, or electrochemical. The signal processing unit then analyzes and quantifies the signal to provide diagnostic information.

Types of Biosensors: Biosensors can be categorized based on the transducer type, including electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal biosensors. Electrochemical biosensors are among the most widely used, as they offer simplicity, sensitivity, and compatibility with portable devices.

Applications: Point-of-care biosensors have diverse applications in clinical diagnostics, disease monitoring, and personal health management. They can be used for detecting infectious diseases, such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis, monitoring chronic conditions like diabetes, assessing cardiac markers, measuring hormone levels, and identifying genetic mutations. Additionally, they find applications in environmental monitoring, food safety, and drug discovery.

Advantages: Biosensors offer several advantages over traditional laboratory-based diagnostic methods. They are portable, require minimal sample volume, provide rapid results, and can be used by non-specialized personnel. These features make them particularly useful in resource-limited settings, remote areas, and emergency situations.

Challenges: Despite their promise, biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics face certain challenges. Ensuring high sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy is crucial. Integration with sample preparation steps, such as sample handling and pre-concentration, can also be a challenge. Standardization, regulatory considerations, and cost-effectiveness are additional factors that need to be addressed for widespread adoption.

Recent Developments: Advances in nanotechnology, microfluidics, and materials science have significantly contributed to the development of biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics. Researchers are exploring innovative approaches, such as wearable biosensors and smartphone-based platforms, to enhance user convenience and accessibility. Integration with artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms is also being explored to improve diagnostic accuracy and enable real-time data analysis.

Biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics have the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enabling rapid and accurate diagnosis, personalized medicine, and continuous monitoring of health conditions. Ongoing research and development in this field aim to overcome the existing challenges and bring these devices closer to routine clinical practice.

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Monday 3 July 2023

Sensor-Based Gesture Recognition and Interaction

Sensor-based gesture recognition and interaction is a technology that enables devices to detect and interpret human gestures using various sensors. These gestures can then be used to control and interact with digital devices, applications, or systems, creating a more natural and intuitive user experience. The primary goal of sensor-based gesture recognition is to bridge the gap between human-human and human-computer interactions, making technology more accessible and user-friendly.




Key Components of Sensor-Based Gesture Recognition Systems:

Sensors: Various types of sensors are used to capture the physical movements and gestures of users. Commonly used sensors include:Cameras: RGB cameras, depth cameras (e.g., Microsoft Kinect), and infrared cameras are used to track body movements and gestures in 2D or 3D space.
Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs): Accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers are used to track the orientation and movement of wearable devices or controllers.
Ultrasonic Sensors: These sensors emit and receive ultrasonic waves to detect hand movements or proximity to an object.
Flex Sensors: These sensors detect bending or flexing of specific body parts, such as fingers or wrists.

Gesture Recognition Algorithms: Advanced algorithms process the sensor data to recognize and interpret gestures accurately. These algorithms can be based on machine learning techniques, computer vision, or signal processing methods. Some common approaches include:Machine Learning: Using techniques like supervised learning, unsupervised learning, or deep learning to classify gestures based on labeled training data.
Computer Vision: Analyzing image or video data to identify predefined gestures or hand poses.
Hidden Markov Models (HMMs): Modeling sequential data to recognize gestures based on their temporal patterns.

Gesture Database: A database is used to store and manage a set of predefined gestures that the system can recognize and respond to appropriately.

Applications of Sensor-Based Gesture Recognition:

Human-Computer Interaction: Gesture recognition enables more intuitive control of devices, eliminating the need for physical input devices like keyboards and mice.

Gaming and Virtual Reality: Sensor-based gesture recognition enhances immersive experiences in gaming and virtual reality environments, allowing users to interact with the virtual world using natural gestures.

Smart Home Automation: Gestures can be used to control various smart home devices, such as adjusting the volume of smart speakers, turning lights on/off, or adjusting thermostat settings.

Healthcare and Rehabilitation: Gesture recognition can be applied in healthcare for rehabilitation exercises, allowing patients to perform prescribed movements while being monitored and guided by the system.

Automotive Interfaces: In vehicles, gesture recognition can be used for hands-free control of infotainment systems, climate control, or navigation functions.

Challenges of Sensor-Based Gesture Recognition:

Noise and Ambiguity: Sensors may capture unwanted noise or ambiguous movements, leading to misinterpretation of gestures.

Calibration and Adaptability: Different users may have varying gesture styles, requiring robust calibration and adaptability of the system.

Privacy and Security Concerns: Cameras and sensors that capture user movements raise privacy and security concerns that need to be addressed.

Real-Time Processing: For seamless user experiences, gesture recognition systems must process data quickly and respond in real-time.

Multimodal Interaction: Combining gesture recognition with other input modalities, such as voice or touch, requires careful integration and synchronization.

As technology advances and sensors become more sophisticated, sensor-based gesture recognition and interaction are likely to play an increasingly significant role in our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we interact with digital devices and environments.

7th Edition of International Conference on Sensing Technology | 27-28 July 2023 | Delhi, India

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What is a Sensor?

A sensor is a device that detects the change in the environment and responds to some output on the other system. A sensor converts a physica...