Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

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🔹 Basic Description

  • Carbon dioxide (COâ‚‚) is a colorless, odorless gas naturally present in Earth's atmosphere.

  • It is composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.

  • It is a trace gas, making up about 0.04% (419 ppm as of 2024) of the atmosphere.

🔹 Sources of Atmospheric CO₂

  1. Natural Sources:

    • Volcanic eruptions

    • Respiration by plants and animals

    • Ocean-atmosphere exchange

    • Decomposition of organic matter

  2. Anthropogenic (Human-Induced) Sources:

    • Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)

    • Deforestation and land-use change

    • Industrial processes (e.g., cement production)

🔹 Role in Climate Change

  • COâ‚‚ is a greenhouse gas: it traps heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.

  • The increase in COâ‚‚ levels since the Industrial Revolution is a major driver of climate change.

  • Pre-industrial COâ‚‚ levels were around 280 ppm, now exceed 419 ppm (as of 2024).

🔹 Carbon Cycle Involvement

  • COâ‚‚ plays a vital role in the carbon cycle, moving between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms.

  • Plants absorb COâ‚‚ during photosynthesis, and release it during respiration.

  • Oceans absorb about 25-30% of human-emitted COâ‚‚, causing ocean acidification.

🔹 Measurement & Monitoring

  • COâ‚‚ is measured in parts per million (ppm).

  • Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii is a key monitoring site (Keeling Curve).

  • Satellites like NASA’s OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2) track global COâ‚‚ levels.

🔹 Environmental & Health Impacts

  • Increased COâ‚‚ leads to:

    • Rising global temperatures

    • Melting glaciers and polar ice

    • Sea level rise

    • Extreme weather events

  • High indoor COâ‚‚ levels can affect cognitive performance and air quality.

🔹 Reduction and Management

  • Strategies to reduce atmospheric COâ‚‚ include:

    • Transition to renewable energy

    • Afforestation and reforestation

    • Carbon capture and storage (CCS)

    • Sustainable agriculture and land management

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